(1 合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院, 安徽 合肥230009; 2 中国科学院新疆生态与地 理研究所新疆矿产资源研究 中心, 新疆 乌鲁木齐830011; 3 中国地质调查局天津地 质调查中心, 天津300170; 4 新疆地质矿产勘查开发局 第六地质大队, 新疆 哈密 839000)
第一作者简介叶龙翔, 男, 1990年生, 硕士研究生, 矿物学岩石学矿床学专业。 Ema il: yelongxiang2015@sina.com **通讯作者张达玉, 男, 1985年生, 博士, 副教授,矿物学岩石学矿床学专业。Emai l: dayuzhang@hfut.edu.cn
2016_10_23
本文得到国家自然科学基金项目(编号: 41302050)、“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目 (编号: 2011BAB06B01)、博士后科学基金第56批面上项目(编号: 2014M562488)、 中国地质调查局地质调查项目(编号: DD20160039)、中 央高校基本科研业务费专项(编号: JZ2016HGTB0730)、中国科学院“西部之光”人才培 养引进计划项目和新世纪优秀人才支持计划项目(编号: NCET_100324)联合资助
Jueluotage area, Xinjiang
(1 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Techno logy, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China; 2 Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resourc es, Xinjiang; Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, U rumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China; 3 Tianjin Geological Surrey, Tianjin 300170, Chin a; 4 No. 6 Geological Party, Xinjiang Bureau of Geolo_ gy and Mineral Exp loration, Hami 839000, Xinjiang, China)
2016_10_23
本次工作在地质特征、岩相学研究的基础上,对东戈壁钼矿床含矿岩体开展了矿物电子探针 和全岩地球化学分析,探讨东戈壁钼成矿花岗斑岩的成因,并进一步与白山钼矿床的成矿花 岗斑 岩的地质、地球化学特征(Zhang D Y et al., 2015)进行对比,分析总结觉罗塔 格地区三叠纪2个钼成矿岩浆岩的异同。本次工作成果不仅为东戈壁钼矿床的花岗斑岩成因 提供证据,同时将深化对东天山觉罗塔格地区三叠纪钼成岩成矿作用的认识。
矿区内主要出露石炭系下统干墩组(C1gd1),另外还有少量的石炭系下统 雅满苏组(C1y),南部零星分布石炭系上统坎底尔组(C2dk),第四系覆盖在中 南部。下石炭统干墩组是一套陆源碎屑_火山沉积岩建造,岩性为褐黄色、灰 黑色 变质含砾砂岩_砂岩_ 泥质砂岩_砂质泥岩_泥岩_凝灰岩_安山岩。东戈壁
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图 1研究区地质图 a. 北疆地区构造简图; b. 觉罗塔格区域地质构造图(Zhang D Y et al., 2015); c. 东戈壁矿区地质图(黄超勇等,2011); d. 东戈壁钼矿矿体H08勘探线剖面图(杨志强等,2011) ①—大草滩断裂; ②—康古尔塔格断裂; ③—雅满苏断裂; ④—阿奇克库都克断裂; 1 —第四系更新统; 2—石炭系上统坎底尔组凝灰岩; 3— 石炭系下统雅满苏组凝灰 质砂岩; 4—石炭系下统干墩组变质砂岩; 5—花岗岩; 6—辉绿岩脉; 7—勘探线及编号; 8—断 层; 9—工业矿体; 10—矿化蚀变带(钻孔控制); 11—钻孔编号; 12—取样 位置 Fig. 1Geological map of the study area a. Structural map of northern Xinjiang area; b. Regional geological map of Juelu otage area (after Zhang D Y et al, 2015); c. Geological map of the Dong gebi Mo depos it (after Huang et al.,2011); d. Geological section along H08 exploration line o f the Donggebi Mo deposit(after Yang et al., 2011) ①—Dacaotan fault;②—Kangguertage fault; ③—Yamansu fault; ④—Aqikekuduke fa ult; 1—Quaternary sediments; 2—Upper Carboniferous Kandier tuff Formation (C 2d); 3—Lower Carboniferous Yamansu tuff sandstone Formation (C1y) ; 4—Lower Carboniferous Gandun metasandstone Formation (C1g); 5 —Granit es; 6—Diabase vein; 7—Exploration line and its serial number; 8—Fault; 9—In dustrial orebody; 10—Mineralized alteration zone (controlled by drill ing data); 11—Serial number of drill hole; 12—Sampling location |
东戈壁钼矿床在石炭系干墩组浅变质碎屑岩与隐伏斑状花岗岩东西两侧外接触带上,为隐伏 矿体,可分东、西2个矿段(图1c),以东矿段为主矿体。东矿段的勘探成果显示矿化带分 布受到花岗斑岩体的控制,矿化蚀变具有由岩体中心向四周减弱(图1d)。根据矿化品位圈 出的矿体呈近似层状、透镜状,围绕花岗斑岩体产出。
东戈壁钼矿床的矿石矿物以辉钼矿为主,黄铜矿、闪锌矿等次之,脉石矿物以石英、黑云母 、钾长石、斜长石为主,少量角闪石等。矿石中的有用组分为辉钼矿,辉钼矿主要赋存于石 英 _(钾长石脉)中,多自形叶片状结构,部分呈细粒集合体状分布,少量呈星点状赋存于围岩 中;矿石的构造以细脉浸染状、细脉状、颗粒_斑块状、脉状为主,部分为薄膜状、角砾状 构造。矿区蚀变发育,矿化有关的蚀变以硅化、绢云母化、钾长石化、黑云母化为主,由 花岗斑岩中心向围岩,蚀变可分为钾硅酸盐化带→绢英岩化带→青磐岩化带,其中矿体主要 赋存在绢英岩化带中,在地表氧化带有褐铁矿、钼华、孔雀石等氧化物。
主量元素的分析测试方法为:先将岩 石样品制成粒度不大于200目的粉末,后用烘箱(约100 ℃)干燥,最后在高温炉(>1000℃)中持续灼烧2小时,最后测得其烧失量(LOI);取4 g Li2B4O7溶液和上述步骤后所得的0.5 g粉末样品一起混匀放置于塑料瓶中,在XRF专 门的铂金坩埚中先加入0.4 g的1% LiBr和0.5%助熔剂NH4I,后加入混合样品,在1250℃ 熔融,制备成XRF测定用的玻璃饼。
微量、 稀土元素的分析测试方法为: ① 先将岩 石样品磨制成200目的粉末, 在已有2 ml 8 mol HNO3
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图 2东戈壁钼矿床花岗斑岩的岩相学特征 a. 花岗斑岩; b. 斜长石环带,发生了绢云母化; c. 花岗斑岩,发生了黄铁矿化; d. 斜长石聚片双晶 Ms—白云母; Pl—斜长石; Qtz—石英; Ser—绢云母化; Kfs—钾长石 Fig. 2Petrographic characteristics of the granite porphyry in the Donggebi mol ybdenum deposit a. Granite porphyry; b. Plagioclase zoning; c. Pyritization; d. Plagioclase poly synthetic twins Ms—Muscovite; Pl—Plagioclase; Qtz—Quartz; Ser—Sericitization; Kfs—felds par |
(1) 长石东戈壁成矿花岗斑岩的长石分为斜长石和碱性长石2类,以斜长石为主。E PMA分析显示(表1),斜长石w(SiO2)在56.92%~68.85%之间,w(CaO) 为0.01 %~9.07%,w(Al2O3)在18.42%~22.65%之间,w(Na2O)在9.39% ~12.37%之间;其An值在0.03~32.59之间,Ab值为65.72~99.76,在长石的Or_Ab_ An图上显示为中长石_更长石_钠长石系列(图3a)。钾长石w(SiO2)为64.11%~ 65.19%,w(Al2O3)为17.49%~18.00%,w(Na2O)为0.46%~1. 66%,w(K2O)为14.45%~16.33%;计算得到Or值在85.42~95.92之间,Ab值 在4.08~14.67之间,在Or_Ab_An图(图3a)中集中落于正长石区域。
(2) 黑云母花岗斑岩黑云母的电子探针分析测试结果列于表2。黑云母w(SiO 2)和w(TFeO)分别在38.02%~38.22% 和18.25%~18.48%之间,其中对黑 云母EPMA数据按林文蔚等(1994)计算方法获得MF、Fe3+、Fe2+、Mg数据,同时 计算黑云母的阳离子数及其他参数(以22个氧 原子为单位),AlⅥ+Fe3++Ti之和为0.70~0.72, Fe2++Mn为0.83~0.97,显示东戈壁花岗斑岩黑云母为铁质黑云母系列(图3b)。
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表 1东戈壁花岗斑岩长石电子探针测试数据表 Table 1The EPMA data of feldspar from the Donggebi granite porphyry |
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续表 1 Continued Table 1 |
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表 2东戈壁花岗斑岩黑云母电子探针测试数据表 Table 2The EPMA data of biotite from the Donggebi granite porphyry |
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图 3东戈壁花岗斑岩的长石Or_Ab_An(a)及黑云母分类三角判别图(b) Fig. 3Triangular diagram showing discrimation of feldspar (Or_Ab_An, a), bioti te, amphibole and magmatic biotite (b) of the granite porphyry from the Dongge bi Mo deposit |
东戈壁钼矿床花岗斑岩样品的地球化学测试数据如表3所示。花岗斑岩w(SiO2)介于7 3.36%~74.34%之间,均值为73.78%;w(K2O)介于4.49%~ 5.61%之间,均值为4.90%;w(Na2O)介于2.92%~ 3.39%之间,均值为3.18%;w(Al2O3)介于12.72%~13.64%之间,均值 为13.17%;w(TFe2O3)介于0.98%~1.61%之间,均值为1.32%;岩石碱铝 比A/NK(摩尔比,A/NK=n(Al2O3)/n(K2O+Na2O)在0.78~0. 84之间,铝过饱和度A/CNK值(A/CNK=n(Al2O3)/n(CaO+K2O+Na2O),摩 尔比)在1.03~1.14之间。
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表 3东戈壁钼矿床花岗斑岩体主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素分析结果 Table 3The major elements and trace elements of the granite porphyry samples i n Donggebi molybdenum deposit |
图 4东戈壁和白山钼矿床花岗斑岩体的岩性地球化学判别图解
a. 侵入岩TAS图解(底图据Middlemost,1994); 1—橄榄辉长岩; 2a—碱性辉长岩; 2b—亚 碱性辉长岩; 3—辉长闪长岩; 4—闪长岩; 5—花岗闪长岩; 6—花岗岩; 7—硅英岩; 8 —二 长辉长岩; 9—二长闪长岩; 10—二长岩; 11—石英二长岩; 12—正长岩; 13—副长石辉长 岩; 14—副长石二长闪长岩; 15—副长石二长正长岩; 16—副长正长岩; 17—副长深成岩; 18—霓方钠岩_磷霞岩_白榴岩; Ir—Irvine分界线,上方为碱性,下方为亚碱性; b. K2O _SiO2图解(底图据Ewart, 1982); c. AR—SiO2图解(底图据Wright,1969); d. A/NK_ A/CNK图解
(底图据Maniar et al., 1989); A/CNK=n(Al2O3)/n(Ca O+K2O+Na2O), A/NK=n(Al2O3)/n(K2O+Na2O),摩尔比
Fig. 4The whole_rock geochemical discriminative diagrams of the granite porphy ry samples from Donggebi and Baishan
molybdenum deposits
a. TAS plot for plutonic rocks (after Middlmost, 1994); 1—Olivine gabbro; 2a—A lkali_gabbro; 2b—Sub_alkali_gabbro; 3—Gabbro-diorite; 4—Diorite; 5—Granodio r ite; 6—Granite; 7—Quartzolite; 8—Monzogabbro; 9—Monzodiorite; 10—Monzonite; 11—Quartz monzonite; 12—Sye_nite; 13—Feldspathoid gabbro; 14—Feldsp athoid monzonite diorite; 15—Feldspathoid syenite monzonite; 16—Feldspathoid syenite ; 17— Feldspathoid plutonic; 18—Tawite/urtite/leucitite; Ir—Irvine dividing line,above is alkaline,below the sub_alkaline. b. K2O versus SiO2 plot(af ter
Ewart, 1982); c. AR versus SiO2 plot (after Wright, 1969); d. A/NK versus A /CNK plot (after Maniar and Piccoli,1989); A/CNK=
n(Al2O3)/n(CaO+K2O+Na2O),A/NK=n(Al2O3)/ n(K2O+Na2O), both are molar ratio
(2) 稀土和微量元素
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图 5东戈壁钼矿床和白山花岗斑岩体Harker 图解 Fig. 5The Harker diagrams of the granite porphyry samples from Donggebi and Ba ishan molybdenum deposit图 6东戈壁和白山花岗岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图(a, 球粒陨石标准值据Tay lor et al., 1985)和原始地幔 标准化微量元素蛛网图(b, 原始地幔标准值据Sun et al ., 1989) Fig. 6Chondrite_normalized REE patterns(a, after Taylor et al., 1985) and primitive mantle_normalized trace elements spider diagrams (b, after Sun e t al., 1989) of the granite porphyry samples from Donggebi and Baishan molybdenum deposits |
地球化学特征分析显示,东戈壁花岗斑岩具有高硅、高钾钙碱性、过铝质(A/CNK 1.03~1 . 14)的花岗岩特点。在花岗岩类的SiO2 _Ce判别图解(图8a)中,东戈壁花岗斑岩样品均 投 点在I型花岗岩区域,属I型花岗岩,这一认识也得到了 SiO2_Zr图( 图8b)、SiO2_Y图(图8c)和Zr+Ce+Nb+Y_(K2O+Na2O)/CaO 图(图8d)等的支持。 另一方面,东戈壁花岗斑岩具有较低的10 000 Ga/Al(平均2.90)和FeO T/MgO(平均4.44)比值;与A型花岗岩高硅贫铝,高10 000 Ga/Al和TFeO/MgO值不 同(陈王 景元等,2015);东戈壁花岗斑 岩 样品的w(P2O5)低(0.06%~0.07%),且不随分异程度增高的变化(图5h), 与S型花岗岩富P,w(P2O5)随分异程度的增加而增大的特征(King et al.,19 97)明显不同。综上分析,东戈壁花岗斑岩为I型花岗岩。
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图 7东戈壁岩浆成因黑云母的岩石类型判别图 a. 岩浆成因黑云母的岩石类型判别图 (底图据Rahman, 1994); b. Si_Mg/(Mg+Fe3++ Fe2++Mn)图(底图据赵连泽等,1983) Fig. 7 Rock type discriminative diagrams of biotite for magmatic origin in the Donggebi molybdenum deposit a. The rock type discriminative diagrams of biotite for magmatic origin (after R ahman, 1994); b. Si_Mg/(Mg+Fe3++Fe2++Mn) discriminative diagram (a fter Zhao et al., 1983) |
电子探针实验分析显示,东戈壁花岗斑岩斜长石集中落在中长石_更长石_钠长石区域(图3a ),暗示了结晶斜长石岩浆为发生了高度演化的酸性岩浆(张术根等,2010)。对具有环 带结构的斜长石(图10a),从核部→边部进行电子探针分析,总体表现为An值 逐渐降低,具有震荡的韵律环带特点,其An值 变化范围在0.98~1.86之间。吴平霄等(1997)研究认为斜长石震荡环带中An值变化>10% 时,指示发生了新的岩浆加入,而An值变化<10%是岩 浆自身静态变化的产物,与周围环境无关。东戈壁花岗斑岩的斜长石An值均小于 5%,结合从核部→边部逐渐降低的An值的变化规律,指示东戈壁花岗斑岩岩浆中发生了斜 长石的静态分离结晶作用。
东戈壁花岗斑岩样品具有较高的w(Th)(22.3×10-6~26.3×10-6)和 高的Th/Ce比值(>0.35),与上地壳的Th/Ce比值一致(Kerrich et al., 1999),且岩 石具有壳源特征的Nb、Ta亏损特征,指示东戈壁花岗斑岩为壳源岩浆岩(Saunders et al .,1996;Sylvester et al.,1997; Konishi et al.,2009)。岩浆岩的(Gd/Yb)N受岩 浆 源区深度的控制,当(Gd/Yb)N值较大(>1.20)时,指示岩浆源于较深的石榴子岩相源 区,反之,岩浆源区源于较浅的尖晶石相源区(Henderson et al.,1984;McKe nzie et al.,1991; Said et al.,2009)。东戈壁地区中酸性侵入岩样品的球粒陨石标准化(Gd/Yb)N比 值在0.94~1.12,平均值为1.00(图10),反映东戈壁花岗斑岩源区较浅。此外,中 酸性岩浆岩中黑云母的TFeO/(MgO+FeO)比值可用来判定岩浆岩的源区,幔源岩浆往往具有比 壳源岩浆更高的MgO含量和较低的TFeO/(MgO+TFeO)比值(张玉学,1982),本次工作测得东 戈壁花岗斑岩黑云母具有较低的w(MgO)值 (9.54%~9.70%)和TFeO/(MgO+TFeO)比值(0.34~ 0.35),也指示其为壳源岩浆。以上均说明东戈 壁花岗斑岩为壳源岩浆岩。进一步分析显示,东戈壁花岗斑岩在在lgTh_lgYb图解中 与部分熔融形成的岩浆岩成分曲线一致,明显不同于分离结晶 成因岩浆岩(图11c),指示东戈壁花岗斑岩是壳源部分熔融岩浆冷凝结晶的产物。
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图 8东戈壁和白山钼矿床花岗斑岩体岩石成因类型判别图 a. Ce与SiO2花岗岩判别图解 (Collins et al., 1982); b. TFeO/MgO与Zr+Nb+Ce+Y 花 岗岩判别图解(Whalen,1987); c. Y与 SiO2花岗岩判别图解(Collins et al., 1982); d. (Na2O+K2O)/CaO与Zr+Nb+Ce+Y花岗岩判别图解(Whalen,1987) FG—分异的酸性花岗岩; OGT—未分异的M型、I型和S型花岗岩 Fig. 8The classification of the granite porphyry from Donggebi and Baishan mol ybdenum deposits a. Ce versus SiO2 discriminative diagram of the granite porphyry (after Colli ns et al., 1982); b. TFeO/MgO versus Zr+Nb+Ce+Y discriminative diagram of the g ranite porphyry (after Whalen,1987); c. Y versus SiO2 discriminative diagram of the granite porphyry (after Collins et al., 1982); d. (Na2O+K2O)/ CaO vers us Zr+Nb+Ce+Y discriminative diagram of the granite porphyry (after Whalen, 198 7) FG—Fractionated felsic granites; OGT—Unfractionated M_, I_ and S_type granite s |
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图 9东戈壁和白山钼矿床花岗斑岩的岩浆分异程度判别图解 a. δEu_DI分异判别图(据Cheng et al.,2010); b. δEu_Y分异判别图(据Said et al., 2009) Fig. 9The discriminative diagrams of the granite porphyry differentiation degr ee from Donggebi and Baishan Mo deposit a. δEu_DI discriminative diagram of differentiation(after Cheng et al., 201 0); b. δEu_Y discriminative diagram of differentiation (after Said et al., 2009) |
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图 10东戈壁花岗斑岩斜长石(Pl)韵律环带(a)与电子探针分析结果(b) Fig. 10The oscillatory zoning (a) and its EPMA analyzed data (b) of plagioclas e (Pl) from the granite porphyry in the Donggebi Mo deposit |
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图 11东戈壁和白山钼矿床花岗斑岩岩浆源区判别图解 a. Nd_(Gd/Yb)N图( 据Said et al.,2009); b. δEu_(La/Yb)N(据任志等,2014); c . lgTh_lgYb图解(据汪云亮等,1994) Fig. 11The magmatic source discrimination diagrams of the granite porphyry fro m Donggebi and Baishan molybdenum deposits a. Nd_(Gd/Yb)N discriminative diagram(after Said et al.,2009); b. δEu_(L a/Yb)N discriminative diagram (after Ren et al.,2014); c. lgTh_lgYb dis criminative diagram(after Wang et al.,1994) |
(1) 地质特征显示,东戈壁和白山钼矿床成矿斑岩体均侵位于康古尔韧性剪切带内的下石 炭统干墩组(C1g)地层中,均受到东西向雅满苏深大断裂和次级断裂的控制(黄超 勇 等,2011;Zhang D Y et al., 2015; 杨志强等,2011;Wu et al.,2016)。东戈壁钼矿 床和白山钼矿床的成矿岩浆岩均为花岗岩类,具有斑状结构,主要矿物均为斜长石、钾长石 和石英等。东戈壁成矿岩浆岩中石英含量较高,为花岗斑岩;而白山成矿斑岩体为中酸 性花岗闪长斑岩。
(2) 成矿元素组合显示,东戈壁斑岩体相关的成矿物质组合为单元素Mo,储量为50 .8万t,平均品位0.14%(马雁飞等,2012);而白山岩体相关的成矿元素组合为Mo_Cu, 其M o的储量为54万t,平均品位0.06%(邓刚等,2004;路魏魏等, 2013)。辉钼矿中Re的含量显示,东戈壁矿床辉钼矿中w(Re) 为25.41×10-6~384.77×10-6(均值105.08× 10-6)(吴艳爽等, 2013);白山辉钼矿的w(Re)为84.04×10 -6~303.3×10-6(均值158.27×10-6)(卢鸿飞等,2015;张达玉等,2 009),在长石的电子探针分析中(图3a),显示东戈壁花岗 斑岩的长石较白山的长石酸性程度更高。以上分析显示,与东戈壁花岗斑岩相比,白 山花岗闪长斑岩具有更高的演化程度、总体具有富Mo贫Re的特点。
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图 12东戈壁和白山钼矿床花岗斑岩构造环境判别图解(据Pearce et al.,1984) WPG—板内花岗岩; VAG—火山弧花岗岩; Syn_COLG—同碰撞花岗岩; ORG—洋脊花岗岩 Fig. 12The tectonic discriminative diagrams of the granite porphyry from Dongg ebi and Baishan molybdenum deposits (after Pearce et al.,1984) WPG—Within plate granite; VAG—Volcanic arc granite; Syn_COLG—Syn_collision gr anite; OGR—Oceanic ridge granite |
(4) 成岩温度: 通过全岩地球化学的CIPW算得到东戈壁花岗斑岩的液相线温度在733~77 3℃之间(表4);白山花岗斑岩的液相线温度在784~825℃。此外,岩浆Zr含量可以作为温 度计(Waston et al., 2005)计算得到东戈壁钼矿中花岗斑岩中锆石结晶温度介于8 17.26~830.31℃之间,平均822.30℃;白山花岗斑岩中锆石结晶温度介于828.93~907 .88℃,平均873.47℃,白山花岗闪长斑岩具有更高的成岩温度。
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表 4东戈壁和白山钼矿床成矿岩浆岩的地质、地球化学和成因对比表 Table 4The geological, geochemical and petrogenetic comparison of the Mo miner alized granite porphyries between the Donggebi and Baishan molybdenum deposits |
综合以上分析,觉罗塔格地区白山和东戈壁钼矿床形成于同一时空背景 的成岩成矿作用,但2个钼矿床的成矿岩浆岩的地质、地球化学特征有明显差异,且成矿岩 浆岩的源区、演化均显著不同。东戈壁钼矿床的成矿花岗斑岩是高钾钙碱性、富铝的 I型,是经历了显著长石结晶分异的高分异I型,岩浆源区为壳源,成岩背景为陆内挤压环境 ; 白山钼成矿花岗斑岩为高钾钙碱性、准过铝的I型,岩浆源区为壳幔混源,成岩背景为陆内 挤压环境。觉罗塔格地区三叠纪东戈壁钼矿床和白山钼矿床很可能为不同构造_岩浆热事件 的产物。
(2) 东戈壁和白山钼矿床的成矿岩浆岩源区、演化及其形成背景存在显著差异。东戈壁花 岗斑岩源区较浅,显示为壳源,岩浆分异演化程度高,形成于陆内挤压环境。白山花岗斑岩 源区较深,显示为幔源,岩浆分异演化程度低,形成于陆内挤压环境。二者可能分属于不同 构造_岩浆热事件。
志谢研究工作得到了新疆“305"项目办公室、新疆地矿局第六地质大队 的支持, 得到了肖文交研究员、周可法研究员、邓刚总工程师王金林博士、张志欣博士、吴艳爽博士 等专家的指导,野外工作得到了哈 密第六地质大队田吉山工程师的协助,室内研究得到了合肥工业大学陈彤老师、汪方跃老师 的帮助,文章修改过程中得到了审稿人的悉心指导,在此一并表示诚挚的谢意
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